Scientific writing

Perissé, Marcelo Claudio ⓘ

Introduction

Scientific writing is writing for science, is focused around scientific reports, traditionally structured as an abstract, introduction, methods, results, conclusions, and acknowledgments. Publication of research results is the global measure used by all disciplines to gauge a scientist's level of success.

To make international scientific communication more efficient, research articles and other scientific publications should be complete, concise, and clear.

Types of Research Articles

Regular Papers: This is the most common type of journal manuscript used to publish full reports of data from research. It may be called an Original Article, Research Article, Research, or just Article, depending on the journal. The Original Research format is suitable for many different fields and different types of studies. It includes full Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusions sections.

Reviews: Review Articles provide a comprehensive summary of research on a certain topic, and a perspective on the state of the field and where it is heading. They are often written by leaders in a particular discipline after invitation from the editors of a journal. Reviews are often widely read (for example, by researchers looking for a full introduction to a field) and highly cited. Reviews commonly cite approximately 100 primary research articles.

Microarticles: Micro articles are concise and focused selections of information that allow users to quickly assess topics and locate the most useful or relevant associated data, information and tools. Research experiments usually give too many results, making writing research article very difficult and unfocussed. The Micro-Article let select the major, novel result - and thus the main message - before writing a full research article. Start by designing a simple figure that conveys the novel message; then fill in result description, interpretation, novelty and benefits; then fill in problems and hypothesis; then design a title conveying the novelty or advance, using both specialists and general words, as the title should be readable by a PhD in a different discipline. Share your Micro-Article with scientists in your field (lab colleagues), scientists outside your field and friends: analyze their questions. Then, once the novel message is clear in your mind, start writing your research article. The Micro-Article can be used for scientific writing workshops.

Short Communications / Letters: These papers communicate brief reports of data from original research that editors believe will be interesting to many researchers, and that will likely stimulate further research in the field. As they are relatively short the format is useful for scientists with results that are time sensitive (for example, those in highly competitive or quickly-changing disciplines). This format often has strict length limits, so some experimental details may not be published until the authors write a full Original Research manuscript. These papers are also sometimes called Brief communications. Posters from conferences may also be summarized as Brief Reports; in many cases, some additional detail, particularly in the methods, description of the results, or discussion/conclusions will be required to make sure that readers (and reviewers) have enough information to understand the description of the work.

Scientific Essay (as a didactic genre): a short piece of writing on a particular subject, often expressing personal views. Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument. The academic essay allows you to present an opinion on a subject in a succinct, logical and objective way, supported by a scientific background arising from the analysis of a review of the scientific literature.

Data article: Data articles are peer-reviewed, citable papers that describe research data. Data articles present and describe research data, enhancing their visibility and potential for reuse, but without conclusions or analyses. This allows authors to get published, citable credit for their work in generating research data. Publishing a data article does not prevent an author from publishing research papers using that data at a later date. Research data include data produced by the authors (“primary data”) and data from other sources that are analysed by authors in their study (“secondary data”). Research data include any recorded factual material that are used to produce the results in digital and non-digital form. This includes tabular data, code, images, audio, documents, video, maps, raw or processed data.

Organization of a Regular Papers

The general structure of scientific regular papers (regular or review articles) is Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (IMR&D).

• Title, Authors and Affiliations
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusions
• References

Title, Authors and Affiliations

Title

Function: to attract reader’s attention

• A good title describes the contents of the paper.
• A well-written title is concise and clear.
• Use specific words (keywords) strongly associated with the outcome of the paper.
• Emphasize your key findings whenever possible.
• Use the minimum number of words.

Suggestion: rewrite the title in the final version of the paper

Authors

Guidelines to define authorship: All authors must be able to present, discuss, and defend the paper

• Authors Names Sequence: First Name-Middle Names-Last Name.
• Affiliations usually include the following information: Group; Department, Center, University; Institution; City, Zip code, PO Box; Country.
• Email addresses of all authors should be provided, so that they can be contacted easily.

Abstract

Briefly explain why you conducted the study (background), what question(s) you aimed to answer (objectives), how you performed the study (methods), what you found (results: major data, relationships), and your interpretation and main consequences of your findings (conclusions). The abstract must reflect the content of the article, as for most readers it will be the major source of information about your study. You must use keywords within the abstract, to facilitate on-line searching for your article by those who may be interested in your results (many databases include only titles and abstracts). In a research report, the abstract should be informative, including actual results. Only in reviews and other widescope articles, should the abstract be indicative, ie listing the major topics discussed but not giving outcomes (CSE 2014). Do not refer in the abstract to tables or figures, as abstracts are also published separately. References to the literature are also not allowed unless they are absolutely necessary (but then you need to provide detailed information in brackets: author, title, year, etc.). Make sure that all the information given in the abstract also appears in the main body of the article.

A good, well-written abstract:

• summarizes the major aspects of the paper,
• allows the reader to quickly identify the major contributions of the paper to the area.

-Remember that many readers only have access to title and abstract.

Types

• Informative: Contains all the relevant information of the paper.
• Descriptive: Describes only the nature or purpose of the study.

Style of the abstract

Past tense (whenever possible); active voice preferred; concise, complete sentences.

Use the active voice as much as possible to create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people; and use the passive voice when it is more important to focus on the recipient of an action than on who performed the action, such as when describing an experimental setup.

Voice describes the relationship between a verb and the subject and object associated with it.

• Active voice: the subject of a sentence is followed by the verb and then the object of the verb (e.g., “the children ate the cookies”).
• Passive voice: the object of the verb is followed by the verb (usually a form of “to be” + past participle + the word “by”) and then the subject (e.g., “the cookies were eaten by the children”). If the subject is omitted (e.g., “the cookies were eaten”), it may result in confusion about who performed the action (did the children eat the cookies, or was it the dog?).

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar/active-passive-voice

Structure of the abstract

For Life Sciences and Engineering:

• Contextualization / Background,
• Gap,
• Purpose / Objectives,
• Methodology,
• Results,
• Conclusion

For Business, Economics and Accounting Areas

• Purpose
• Design/methodology/approach
• Findings
• limitations/implications
• Originality/value

Examples

Purpose - Rapid response is often the cornerstone of success in many industries, especially manufacturing. In the authors’ opinion, organizational structure will also affect the construction of a fast-response supply chain system. The main purpose of this research examines whether different levels of organizational structure have different effects on the relationship between external integration and firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach - This study applied questionnaires to collect data. This study collected 818 questionnaires from manufacturers in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan to verify our proposed model using structural equation modeling.

Findings - Results show that response speed perfectly mediates the relationship between external integration and firm performance. Different levels of organizational structure will also affect external integration. Strict organizational structure requires customer integration, while loose organizational structure requires supplier integration to quickly meet customer needs.

Practical implications - Companies can probably determine whether their organizational structure is higher or lower than that of their competitors. If firms can determine that their organization structure is high or low, they can adopt suitable external integrations to enhance quick response and operational performance.

Originality/value - In the relationship between supply chain integration and performance, we consider a mediating variable and moderating variable together. Results explain the reason that the relationship between supply chain integration and performance are inconsistent in previous studies. We have addressed external integration in alignment with organizational structure to provide better service and enhance performance by providing empirical evidence.

Demand-pull vs supply-push strategy: the effects of organizational structure on supply chain integration and response capabilities

Ai-Hsuan Chiang (Department of International Business, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, Taiwan)

Ming-Yuan Huang (Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan)

Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management ISSN: 1741-038X

Article publication date: 29 April 2021 Reprints & Permissions

Issue publication date: 20 October 2021

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JMTM-08-2020-0324/full/html

Economics

International Regional Science Review

Journal of Financial Economics

Production Economics 137 (2012) 211–225

Management

Purpose - This study aims to examine changes in “network logics” that refer to cognitive views socially accepted by actors about the network. These logics provide organizations with templates on how to act in business networks. This study investigates the causes and processes of network logic changes and the phases in the changes.

Design/methodology/approach - This study relies on content analysis using text data from newspaper articles on global retailers entering the Japanese retail industry. Three different logics were found to describe the actions of the retailers. Two of the logics are related to institutional and strategic logics including network logics, while the third is associated with institutional works that mean actions to create, maintain and disrupt institutions.

Findings - With regard to transitions in network logics in the Japanese retail industry, the analysis identified four phases: politicization, reflection, establishment and evaluation. Changes in regulative and normative logics were resulted from institutional works of the global retailers into the Japanese market. The findings also include empirical description about how network changes progress through interactions among business actors. Additionally, compared to the regulative and normative logics, it would be difficult to influence the cultural-cognitive logics.

Originality/value - Business networks often transform with changes in network logics. This study contributes to the literature on industrial network changes by exploring the interactions between macro-level structural states and micro-level events in network logic transitions.

Citation

Hara, Y. (2022), "Changes in industrial network logics: the case of the Japanese retail industry", Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2019-0213

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JBIM-05-2019-0213/full/html

Journal of Business Research

Soil Use and Management

Accounting

This paper explores the relationships between calculative practices and innovative activities. It investigates how calculative practices such as accounting develop knowledge that functions as an engine (MacKenzie, 2006) for innovation. This is an attempt at exploring the role of accounting through its performative effects so that, rather than only describing the world, it also helps to change it. The thesis is that calculative practices are engines involved in luring actors into doing new things by their ability to inspire them to ask new questions and to see new opportunities. As engines, calculative practices trigger a process of mobilisation of knowledge and insight which become part of the innovation. This innovation, in turn, leaves traces that can develop new calculative practices. There is a dynamic relation between calculative practices and the innovation: the innovation drifts because calculative practices are engines helping to bring this drift along. In the case of Telepass, which is a technology that is designed both for managing motorists’ behaviour and accumulating traces about such behaviour, the innovation was able to influence and recreate the engine anew. This story explains how the trajectory of innovation is a string of drifts mobilised by the performativity of calculative practices.

Accounting as an engine: The performativity of calculative practices and the dynamics of innovation

Management Accounting Research

Volume 28, September 2015, Pages 31-49

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine whether self-managed superannuation fund (SMSF) trustees earn: the equity risk premium or any premium to the riskless rate of interest. Design/methodology/approach – Using a sample of 100 SMSFs, the average annual returns since inception of the funds in the sample are compared with: the average annual equity risk premium since that time and the average yield of Commonwealth Government Securities since that time. Findings – The investigation reveals: the SMSFs in the sample do not earn the equity risk premium and the SMSFs in the sample did not earn a premium to riskless rate of interest. This leads to the conclusion that the SMSFs have borne risk without commensurate reward. Research limitations/implications – The trustees' rationale for making particular investment decisions and the consistency of the portfolio structures with the risk profiles of the trustees are two areas that may be fruitfully explored in future research. Practical implications – For SMSF trustees, a simple portfolio that divides assets between (unmanaged) index funds and risk-free securities on the basis of trustees' risk aversion may generate better results than the existing portfolios. For policy makers, the relatively poor performance of SMSFs implies that the superannuation system as currently structured may not be generating returns that will maximize retirement incomes. Originality/value – The paper provides the first comparison of SMSF returns with the equity risk premium and the risk less rate of interest measured at appropriate horizons.

Accounting Research Journal, Vol. 22 ,1, 27 – 45, 200

Finance and Stochastics

Assignments

• Identify the five Top Journals in your research area
• Select at least 10 abstracts and Introduction sections from good papers from these journals
• Categorize all sentences in these abstracts based upon the proposed models

Sources

Source: Michael Alley The Craft of Scientific Writing,3rd edition (Springer-Verlag, 1996).

Aluísio, S.M. (1995). Ferramentas para Auxiliar a Escrita de Artigos Científicos em Inglês como Língua Estrangeira. Tese deDoutorado, IFSC-USP, 228 p. Hill et al., Teaching ESL students to read and write experimental papers, TESOL Quarterly, 16: 333, 1982:

Centurion et al., J. Nanosc. Nanotech, 2011 in press

Grzybowski et al., Nature Materials2,241–245 (2003) Yang et al, Langmuir; 2004; 20; 5978 Leeet al.,Nature Biotechnology23, 1517, 2005 (Review)

Glowacki et al., Nature Chem., 3, 850, 2011

Evans et al., ACS Nano, In Press Juan et al., Analytical Chem, In Press

Hoover et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 16901, 2011

IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2005, p 55

International Journal of Plasticity 27 (2011) 1165

International Journal of Electronics, 97, 2010, 1163

Urselmann, et al., IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 15, 2011, 659

Borges et al., International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 9, 2010, 547.

Butcher et al., Human–Computer Interaction, 26, 2011,123.

Introduction

 Architecture

• Information
• Contextualization / State-of-the-Art /: why is this area important; what has been done before →Review of the scientific literature: Seminal Papers, Recent Papers
• Gap: What has not been done →Review of the scientific literature: Most Recent Papers
• Purpose / Relevance / Motivation / Importance: why is this study important, what is presented here → Review of the scientific literature: Seminal Papers, Most Recent Papers → Hypothesis Formulation

 Information: Contextualization, Gap, Purpose

Contextualization

Present the research field and show the importance of the main area, make terms processes familiar, and background:

• Inherent philosophical background, as a value system that exalts clarity, accuracy, depth, coherence, and truth.
• The formal background, which is a collection of logical or mathematical assumptions or theories taken for granted in the process of inquiry.
• Specific background such as up-to-date and reasonably confirmed hypotheses and theories.
• Accumulated specific knowledge fund of the disciplinary field

“Customer satisfaction became part of every business process and crafting new business processes with the help of technology in order to acquire and retain the most profitable customers is gaining interest among traditional manufacturing organizations (Anderson et al., 1994). Customer relationship management (CRM) has become a new branch of learning in business management (Venkatesan and Kumar, 2004; Reinartz and Kumar,2000,2002,2003).” Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing., 28/6 (2013) 468–474

“Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR), based upon supply chain collaboration standards established by the Voluntary Interindustry Commerce Solutions (VICS) Association, are information systems that enable partnering firms to integrate their inventory planning, forecasting and replenishment processes by sharing information, developing joint forecasts and jointly crafting replenishment plans. Journal of Operations Management 31 (2013) 285–297

“ Since 1998, when VICS first adopted a set of standards for CPFR information systems, more than 300 companies have engaged in CPFR practices leading to substantial benefits to suppliers, such as Procter and Gamble and Kimberly- Clark and retail chains, such as Wal-Mart and Best Buy (VICS, 2007).” Journal of Operations Management 31 (2013) 285–297

Web usage mining is a discipline within the field of web mining that concentrates on developing data mining techniques to model and study user web navigation behavior.1,2 In the context of web site personalization, web usage mining techniques have been utilized to take advantage of the data collected from users’ interactions with a web site to study users’ navigation behavior. Understanding user behavior is invaluable in order to deliver tailored content to the user,3 to support the creation of web agents aimed at guiding users within web site,4 or to improve the strategic requirements analysis for web sites.5. Borges et al., International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 9, 2010, 547.

Gap

Open Questions, Restrictions and Limitations

State the gap or lagoon: What has not been done?

Problematization: Hypothesis formulation

Journal of Operations Management

Purpose

State the purpose of the paper: Why is this study important? What is presented here?

Journal of Financial Economics

Journal of Business and Commerce

Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management

Journal of Operations Management

Create a Research Space

Structure: Information in the text flows from general to specific, arriving at purpose

Swales Model: Create a Research Space

The Creating a Research Space [CARS] Model was developed by John Swales based upon his analysis of journal articles representing a variety of discipline-based writing practices. His model attempts to explain and describe the organizational pattern of writing the introduction to scholarly research studies. Following the CARS Model can be useful approach because it can help you to: 1) begin the writing process [getting started is often the most difficult task]; 2) understand the way in which an introduction sets the stage for the rest of your paper; and, 3) assess how the introduction fits within the larger scope of your study.

The model assumes that writers follow a general organizational pattern in response to two types of challenges [“competitions”] relating to establishing a presence within a particular domain of research: 1) the competition to create a rhetorical space and, 2) the competition to attract readers into that space. The model proposes three actions [Swales calls them “moves”], accompanied by specific steps, that reflect the development of an effective introduction for a research paper. These “moves” and steps can be used as a template for writing the introduction to your own social sciences research papers.

Move 1: Establishing a Territory [the situation]

This is generally accomplished in two ways: by demonstrating that a general area of research is important, critical, interesting, problematic, relevant, or otherwise worthy of investigation and by introducing and reviewing key sources of prior research in that area to show where gaps exist or where prior research has been inadequate in addressing the research problem. The steps taken to achieve this would be:

• Step 1 -- Claiming importance of, and/or [writing action = describing the research problem and providing evidence to support why the topic is important to study]
• Step 2 -- Making topic generalizations, and/or [writing action = providing statements about the current state of knowledge, consensus, practice or description of phenomena]
• Step 3 -- Reviewing items of previous research [writing action = synthesize prior research that further supports the need to study the research problem; this is not a literature review but more a reflection of key studies that have touched upon but perhaps not fully addressed the topic]

Language for Establishing a Research Territory

__________ has been extensively studied...

Interest in __________ has been growing...

Recent studies have focused on...

__________ has become a major issue...

Move 2: Establishing a Niche [the problem]

This action refers to making a clear and cogent argument that your particular piece of research is important and possesses value. This can be done by indicating a specific gap in previous research, by challenging a broadly accepted assumption, by raising a question, a hypothesis, or need, or by extending previous knowledge in some way. The steps taken to achieve this would be:

• Step 1a -- Counter-claiming, or [writing action = introduce an opposing viewpoint or perspective or identify a gap in prior research that you believe has weakened or undermined the prevailing argument]
• Step 1b -- Indicating a gap, or [writing action = develop the research problem around a gap or understudied area of the literature]
• Step 1c -- Question-raising, or [writing action = similar to gap identification, this involves presenting key questions about the consequences of gaps in prior research that will be addressed by your study. For example, one could state, “Despite prior observations of voter behavior in local elections in urban Detroit, it remains unclear why do some single mothers choose to avoid....”]
• Step 1d -- Continuing a tradition [writing action = extend prior research to expand upon or clarify a research problem. This is often signaled with logical connecting terminology, such as, “hence,” “therefore,” “consequently,” “thus” or language that indicates a need. For example, one could state, “Consequently, these factors need to examined in more detail....” or “Evidence suggests an interesting correlation, therefore, it is desirable to survey different respondents....”]

Language for Establishing a Niche

Previous studies of __________ have not examined...

Such studies are unsatisfactory because...

One question that needs to be asked, however, is...

Research on __________ has mostly been restricted to _________ so...

Move 3: Occupying the Niche [the solution]
The final "move" is to announce the means by which your study will contribute new knowledge or new understanding in contrast to prior research on the topic. This is also where you describe the remaining organizational structure of the paper. The steps taken to achieve this would be:

• Step 1a -- Outlining purposes, or [writing action = answering the “So What?” question. Explain in clear language the objectives of your study]
• Step 1b -- Announcing present research [writing action = describe the purpose of your study in terms of what the research is going to do or accomplish. In the social sciences, the “So What?” question still needs to addressed]
• Step 2 -- Announcing principle findings [writing action = present a brief, general summary of key findings written, such as, “The findings indicate a need for...,” or “The research suggests four approaches to....”]
• Step 3 -- Indicating article structure [writing action = state how the remainder of your paper is organized]

Language for Occupying the Niche

The purpose of this literature review is to...

This study aims to...

The evidence collected from this study demonstrates...

This review outlines/examines...

 Citations

The citation process:   

• Authors cite to prove where the ideas came from
• Authors DO NOT cite to show where the text came from

Emphasis on the study:

  “Previous studies [Ref] have described the influence of grain size on the ultimate properties of the polymer…. ”     “A detailed description of the method employed can be found in ref [ref]....”  

Emphasis on the Author:

   “A similar strategy has been used by Franco et al [R].... (First author of the paper)”  

Style

-Contextualization and Gap: Past, present-perfect (continuous) generally used.

-Purpose: Present or past tense are preferable.

-Use the active voice as much as possible.

-Third Person with some use of first person.

Sources

John M. Swales, Genre Analysis: English in Academics and Research Settings,Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Rubner et al., Langmuir 2004, 20, 1362. PatwariN. et al, IEEESignalProcessing Magazine, 2005, p54

Oleket al., Nano Lett., Vol. 4, 1889, (2004)

Lowmanet al., Langmuir 2004, 20, 9791-9795

Podsiadlo et al., Nano Letters, 2008 , 8, 1762 Yoon et al., International Journal of Plasticity 27 (2011) 1165

Urselmann, et al., IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 15, 2011, 659

Borges et al., International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 9, 2010, 547.

Butcher et al., Human–Computer Interaction, 26, 2011,123. King et al., SIAM J. Comput. 40, 1316, 2011

Results, Discussion, Conclusion

Possible Structures

• Results / Discussion / Conclusion
• Results and Discussion / Conclusion
• Results / Discussion and Conclusion

Results and Discussion

The most important section of a paper

The section where you prove your initial question, hypothesis, idea, etc. Illustrative Materials (figures, tables, graphs, images), Outcome of Calculations, and TEXT.

The way you write your achievements makes the whole difference

Importance of figure Quality, Data Analyses and Statistics

A Tentative Model:

• Background / Importance 
• Describe the outcomes of your research (figure, tables, graph, image, calculations, algorithm tests, etc) 
•  Interpretation  
• Comparison 
• Implications

Style

- Past tense; 

- Third Person, preferably; 

- Use active voice whenever possible. 

-Subheadings may improve organization and comprehension

Reach a balance between description of data in the text and in the figure/table legend

Any reader must understand a Figure/Table without reading the results section.

Numbering:    Figures and Tables are numbered independently.

Abbreviation: 

“Figure” can be abbreviated as “Fig.” in the text, but not in the legend. 

“Table” is not abbreviated.

Always consult the Journal’s Guide for Authors

The right place for captions

Tables: above, left justified.  

Figures: below, left justified

Reach a balance between description of data in the text and in the figure/table legend

Any reader must understand a Figure/Table without reading the results section.

Tips

Captions

Legends should convey as much information as possible: The subjects of the experiment, The relationship displayed, Sample sizes and statistical tests if they are not displayed elsewhere.

Legend ≠ axis label vs axis label (only)

Do you really need a figure?

“ The thickness of the film was estimated at 10 nm per bilayer, using AFM….” 

“Seed production was higher for plants in the full-sun treatment (52.3 +/-6.8 seeds) than for those receiving filtered light (14.7+/- 3.2 seeds)….”

Note: Always use a space between the value and the unit: 

“The estimated length was 10 m", or, "the optimum time was 100 min."

Conclusions

Function: To state the importance of the paper to the development of the field.

Ideas flowing from Specific to General.

Pyramidal Structure

A Suggested Model

• State main findings: Emphasize your main results.
• Interpretation of the main findings: Take a few sentences to re-state the interpretation of the key results.
• Contributions/Progress to the field: Describe the implications of your achievements to the field.

Style

- Past and Present tense; 

- Third Person, preferably;

References

Abrams, E. (2000). Essay Structure. Harvard University, Writing Center. Massachusetts: Writing Center at Harvard University.

Angulo Marcial , N. (2013). El ensayo: algunos elementos para la reflexión. Innovación Educativa, 13(61), 109-121.

Benito, M. (2014). Guía práctica: cómo hacer un ensayo científico. Elsevier.

Brief, D. i. (2019). Data in Brief FAQ. Elsevier.

(2020). Data article and data publishing. Suiza: Springer.

Datos científicos. (s.f.). Submission Guidelines. Springer Nature.

European Association of Science Editors. (2018). Orientações da EASE para autores e tradutores de artigos científicos a serem publicados em inglês . Pau: European Science Editing .

European Association of Science Editors. (2021). General Writing Tips.

F1000Research. (2021). Article Guidelines.

Foote, K. (2021). Data Modeling Trends in 2022.

Lichtfouse, E. (2013). The Micro-Article to Select Research Results. Marseille.

Nature. (s.f.). Brief Communications and Communications Arising.

Ochoa H., E., Zamudio H., N., & Acuña L., K. A. (2009). El ensayo académico: un experiencia de aprendizaje en lenguaje escrito. (ANUIES, Ed.)

Results in Physics. (2014). New Feature: Microarticles. Results in Physics.

Wilkinson, M., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. et al. Los principios rectores de FAIR para la gestión y administración de datos científicos. Datos científicos 3, 160018 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18

Zucolotto , V. (2011). Workshop de Capacitação em Escrita Científica . Escrita Científica . Sao Paulo: Laboratório de Nanomedicina e Nanotoxicologia Instituto de Física de São Carlos, USP .